shyster

This is a not-nice word for a tosser who’s not shy about stirring the pot to clean you out in court – a shameless heist. A shyster is not a Shylock; the latter is an abusive term for a moneylender and has racist overtones, but our word du jour is not related to it and has no racist history. It’s an abusive term for a pettifogger, a larcenous liar of a lawyer, senior partner in Dewy Cheetham & Howe. The American Heritage Dictionary points out that calling someone a shyster might be considered libellous, and I will add that if the person in question really is a shyster, you can count on being sued so hard you even lose your fillings.

So obviously this is the sort of person about whom people say rude, even vulgar, things. In English we might make reference to such a person’s parentage, illegitimate, canine, or otherwise; in German, they will declare that he defecates – er ist ein Scheisser. Odd, that, isn’t it, given that everyone does it now and again? But this type does it on you. And this German word, with its big [aI] diphthong so like the sound you make when you get your bill, was borrowed into English. The spelling was modified to something more English- or Dutch-looking (perhaps with an influence of Shylock, but that’s speculation), and the ending was changed to the English ster, which we see in such as seamster, brewster, and gamester – and also trickster, huckster, and gangster.

The word has its share of hissing voiceless fricatives, marked with those two snakelike s‘s, and it ends with the retroflex (in North America) /r/, a sound thought of as too low-grade to be held long in pretty song. And, like its object, this word often keeps disreputable company, hanging around with types such as two-bit, blowhard, snake-oil peddler, money-grubbing, low-life, charlatan, sleaze, and – cover your eyes – used-car dealer.

triptych

“How was Spain?”

I knew this simple question would lead to a treat. Marica and Ronald were a bit of an odd couple and could have two different conversations simultaneously using the same words.

“I loved the triptych,” Marica said. For her, the point of any trip was to see art. And she had mentioned she wanted to see Bosch’s Haywain triptych in the Museo del Prado, a sure highlight for a medieval fantasist.

“Oh, yeah,” Ronald concurred, “the Trip Tik was pretty good. There were some puzzling aspects, but it seemed clear enough by the right edge.”

Although Ronald’s interest in trip planning always focused on which model of car he would be renting, Marica nonetheless managed to cozen herself into believing he cared about art. “Yes,” she said, “such a grand progression: innocence in the beginning, the great hay wagon in the middle, with the Christ” – Ronald snorted – “and then the descent into Hell at the end.”

“Well, you’re being a bit dramatic about the Madrid traffic, perhaps, but just a bit. But, yeah, I almost forgot that hay wagon. And what I said when I nearly ran into it!”

Marica turned and squinted at him. “Oh, for heaven’s sake, you and your driving. I bet you don’t even know who’s Bosch.” She pronounced Bosch in the Dutch manner, rather like “boss.”

“Obviously,” he said, “you are, since I only drive to get you from gallery to gallery! But you’re the one who started in about the Trip Tik. I didn’t think you even cared about the CAA.”

“I don’t,” she said. “Nasty people who work against public transportation. But what has that to do with – I do say, James, would you like to share something with the class?”

I was nearly convulsing with laughter; I contained myself enough to launch into one of my wonted explanations. “She’s talking about a triptych as in a three-panelled painting,” I explained to Ronald. “You may perhaps remember a painting on three wooden panels hinged together –”

“More than one of them,” Ronald replied. “The place is infested with them. Next thing she’s going to want to paint our closet doors. But they don’t all have to do with trips.”

“Oh,” I said, “it’s from the Greek tri, ‘three,’ and ptuché, ‘fold.’ Nothing to do with trips. Whereas you’re talking about a route guide with tips and tricks for your trip. Trip plus Tik. No fancy ych ending to make it look arcane.”

“Or yecchy,” Ronald muttered. He added more conversationally, “But my Trip Tik has nothing to do with her triptychs.”

“And what, pray tell, would be a Tik?” Marica interjected.

“Obviously triptych influenced this formation,” I said. “They did it more to make it stick than to trip your tongue. But I suspect it was also influenced by the international motoring passport that came out in the early 20th century, the triptyque. Which was a card that folded in three, hence the name. Linear route maps, for their part, have also been around longer than the CAA, AAA, or AA.”

“They sure beat a big road atlas,” Ronald declared.

“Well,” Marica said with contained disdain, “a road atlas is still the only kind of diptych you’ll look at.”

“Hey!” Ronald looked almost hurt. “I checked the dipstick when we picked up the car! Not my fault the thing developed a leak and we ran out of oil.”

widespread & ubiquitous

I was lately chatting with some word sommeliers. One of them spoke of a patron who had a fondness for ubiquitous. That by itself, as long as not taken to excess (ubiquitous should not be ubiquitous), is a perfectly civilized thing. The patron in question, however, wanted it served first with less, which seemed fine enough prima facie, and then with very.

Very ubiquitous! That’s a bit of overkill, now, isn’t it? Though its classical meaning is “everywhere,” ubiquitous may admit comparisons of degree because of its common usage to mean “seemingly everywhere.” But it is, in that use, a deliberate overstatement, like antediluvian and sesquipedalian. So very ubiquitous either kills a fly with a thermonuclear device or threatens to weaken the sense of the word. Or both.

The first word sommelier and I agreed that one need not pour sugar in Coke, as it were; very ubiquitous was excessive. But then another word sommelier present suggested using widespread rather than ubiquitous at all, since that’s really the more literally accurate word.

Well, some people are more inclined than others to view literal accuracy as a virtue. But are these two words, ubiquitous and widespread, really interchangeable? My tongue finds them rather different, and suited to different contexts. Widespread presents more of a mass-object picture, like peanut butter all over (the image of spread is inescapable), and has a sweeping feel; ubiquitous more readily calls to mind individual points (in great number), and has a more punchy feel with the short, tight biq versus the longer, more open diphthong in wide. The greater number of syllables in the same amount of time and text adds to the feeling of quantity. There is also the pointillism of the two voiceless stops, whereas widespread buries its one voiceless stop between a fricative and a liquid and ends both syllables with the denser [d].

And then there is the matter of register. Widespread is a garden-variety word made of two Anglo-Saxon parts, and it’s reasonably common. Ubiquitous is a word that bespeaks university education, and though it may be used in casual conversation, it marks the user as erudite. It comes, of course, from Latin (the root is ubique, “everywhere,” from ubi “where” and the enclitic que “and”). It is hardly more than one-tenth as common.

And what are they most often used with? The Corpus of Contemporary American English points up the differences well. The most common words found by widespread are use, among, support, despite, acceptance, belief, and, slightly farther down, concern, corruption, perception, and poverty, and a host of abstract concepts and moods, as well as mass nouns of phenomena such as looting and destruction. It is, in short, a word for mass objects, often abstract ones.

For ubiquitous, on the other hand, the top collocations are become, presence, nearly, computing, nature, feature, virtually, yellow (as in cabs, Post-Its, shirts, logos – is there something about yellow that makes ubiquity more salient?), plastic, and, farther down, phenomenon, coverage, Microsoft, coffee, increasingly, internet, and a host of countable concrete objects. And it is those countables that really set the tone. Ubiquitous is a word for bugs and bank machines. And Tim Hortons, naturally.

giddyup

Hey, let’s play Lone Ranger! Hop on Silver – do you feel giddy up there? Now cue the soundtrack. You might say “Hiyo, Silver, away,” but you might be inspired by Rossini’s William Tell overture to say instead “Giddyup, giddyup, giddyup, up, up!”

But why would you want your horse to be giddy, anyway? Giddy is a word come down to us from Old English, now meaning “woozy, dizzy, light-headed,” but originally it meant “insane,” and in particular the kind of insane one is when possessed by a god (the gid is thought to have come via gyd from gud, an Old Teutonic root for “god”). And while the Lone Ranger may be godlike, I can’t imagine one would want Silver to be in a Bacchic frenzy, as it were.

Well, not to worry. This has nothing to do with giddiness. It’s just giddup with that that rough-ridin’ palatal glide inserted (echoes of yup come in). The pair are also spelled giddap and giddyap. And giddup, for its part, is just a spelling that indicates the way the cowboys said – and you and I usually say – get up. It looks a bit more like gallop this way, doesn’t it? (The g seems vaguely lasso-ish in some typefaces, too.) And it reflects the sound of hoofbeats a bit more, too. But giddup, giddup, giddup is a trot, whereas giddyup, giddyup, giddyup is a gallop. And if you’ve ever ridden a horse, I’m sure you will agree with me that a gallop is much more enjoyable than a trot.

This may bring to mind gee up, too, though the g there is the “soft g” – i.e., an alveopalatal affricate. But that’s not really related to giddyup. The gee is a command for a horse, sort of the other direction on the throttle from whoa; it is used variously to mean “go,” “go faster,” or “move to the right.” Nobody seems to know why it’s gee; perhaps it came from the Houyhnhnms. It didn’t come from agee – rather, agee came from it. But that brings us back to music, and a figure rather opposite to the great masked rider of the plains: Gilbert and Sullivan’s “modern major-general”…

When have learned what progress has been made in modern gunnery,
When I know more of tactics than a novice in a nunnery,
In short, when I’ve a smattering of elemental strategy,
You’ll say a better major-general has never sat agee.

molossus & molasses

“No, no, no!”

Maury stood fuming, his hands splayed to the air and covered with thick, black, sticky liquid, while more of the same spread at leisure across the counter and dripped viscously onto the floor.

“That’s a molossus,” I said, getting up to have a better look at the peccadillo.

“I know it’s molasses,” Maury growled. “It’s molasses from a structurally unreliable carton!” He uttered an imprecation that would be indelicate to print here.

I reached over and turned on the kitchen tap, then grabbed a couple of paper towels to help mop up the mess. I was there to eat his food, after all. “No,” I said, “what you said. ‘No, no, no!’ It’s a molossus. A foot of three long, or stressed, beats.”

Maury was washing his hands. “Who’s talking about prosody?”

I risked a pun. “Iamb.”

He gave me a persecuted look over the top of his glasses. “Now is not the time for spondee-neity.” Heh heh. A true wordplay addict can’t resist even when in a sticky situation.

I was stuffing gooey paper towels into his trash can. “What, exactly, are you making, anyway?”

“Shoo-fly pie,” he replied. As if on cue, his oven beeped that it was preheated.

“Another molossus!”

“Yes, made with molasses.”

“Well,” I observed, “in the south, mo’ lasses than lads make it.”

“Yes,” Maury said, tossing the disintegrated carton in the rubbish, “and no doubt you’ll next make some point about its colour resembling the nether parts of moles.”

“No,” I lied, “I was next going to talk about how those southern girls like to call you ‘honey,’ which, in Latin, is mel – a nice nickname for a southern belle – which was the root of mellacium, which fed through Portuguese or Spanish to make our molasses.” I leaned against the wall as Maury took another carton of molasses out of his cupboard. Who has multiple molasses in their cupboard? And how many did Maury have? He closed the door before I could see.

“I’ll have to use blackstrap,” he said, and added, apparently forgetting who he was talking to, “so called because when poured it forms a ribbon rather like a black leather strap.” As he measured it, he muttered, “I’m heading for more of a black dog here right now.”

“A molossus dog,” I offered. “Massive, like a mastiff. A now-defunct breed, but a contributor to some of our bigger modern breeds, from St. Bernard to Rottweiler. A toponym: Molossia is a place in northwestern Greece.”

“Both words sound heavy,” he observed, “but not sticky.” He measured some baking soda into the mixing bowl, which held a mix of molasses, water, and eggs, and it frothed gratifyingly, making a slight sound not unlike the [s]’s in the words in question. As he mixed in some crumble of  flour, sugar, and butter and poured it all into a pie shell, then topped it with more of the crumble, he mused, “I wonder why a dog. Because it’s big? Why not a chimpanzee? That’s a molossus.”

“Perhaps they simply both come from the same place.” I watched him slide the pie into the oven. “Why name musical modes Lydian, Phrygian, or Dorian?”

“Or fridge-doorian.” Maury fixed his gaze on the fridge door and I got out of the way. He retrieved the mint syrup and ice for his impending julep and took them to the table, whereon rested the bourbon and glasses. “But nobody much uses those modes now, just as nobody much uses the molossus.”

I followed, hot on the trail of my next refreshment. “Gilbert and Sullivan did.” I saw Maury’s back momentarily freeze. He knew a song cue was coming and there was nothing he could do to stop it. He filled his tumbler to the brim as I launched into The Mikado:

“To sit in solemn silence in a dull dark dock,
In a pestilential prison, with a life-long lock,
Awaiting the sensation of a short, sharp shock,
From a cheap and chippy chopper on a big black block!”

Maury turned, washed back half his glass, and appeared to envision me enduring execution. He made an unpleasant smile.

“Yes, yes, yes!”

futhorc

Urgh, this word appears to have crawled forth from some Tolkien-inspired vision of the Dark Ages, either as a name for some filthy orc or as onomatopoeia for the vicious spectre’s viscous expectoration. Or perhaps it’s the sound of a bolt from a crossbow penetrating the squamous hide of said beast. On the other hand, it could be the name of an elder druid, or perhaps a word from his incantation over a cauldron miasmal with mistletoe and fetor. Perhaps it is the moss that grows on his mystic abecedaries. Those who see it may think, oh, cruft!

Well, scrape the bryophytes off the tome and heave it open. Does what you see inside make you think of a Tolkien effort? This codex is no cortex cut with ogham; on the other hand, the silmarillian curls of the Fëanorian tengwar are nowhere in sight. What you see appears to have been scratched in with a penknife. Has the book been ruined? No, it’s been runed. Let us begin your lessons: the first six letters of this alphabet equate to modern English f, u, th, o, r, c. (The Scandinavian version has an a rather than an o, and transliterates the [k] as k rather than the old-style c, and so it is called futhark.)

Runes, ah, runes! Mystical and magical! You can buy some in a velvet drawstring bag (suitable for later use holding Scrabble tiles) and cast your future! So mystical, like Stonehenge! Um. Well, when literacy was the preserve of a limited class, notably those who needed to preserve things much more important than shopping lists, it did tend to be associated with things powerful, arcane, and numinous or eldritch. But runes, like other abecedaries, have only the power we give them: the power of capturing in fixed form the lightning of thought, and sparking it again and again. You can hear the striking forth of Thor’s arc: futhorc!

And then, when monks replaced druids, Latin arrived and brought with it the alphabet you’re reading now. Only two runes were preserved, integrated out of need: thorn and wynn. Thorn represented the voiceless dental fricative, as heard beginning thorn; wynn represented the labiovelar glide that we now write w. But the wynn lost out to a doubled u (written the old angular way), and the thorn was ultimately pulled out as well. The English language took the road more travelled by, and the futhorc was left at the fork, its value now mainly in evoking those ancient, mystical days… especially the good fictional ones, the way it all ought to have happened. It would have been so much more entertaining. To us, not them.

tortrix

Oo, this word sounds nasty. At the bare minimum some tortfeasor, a retorter of tortiloquy and assorted distortions, and perhaps altogether a tortor, that is, torturer, no? Someone who twists words or twists bodies? And someone feminine, because of the trix, certainly (ah, to be a trix or not to be a trix…).

Well, you’ve got the general trend, but there’s a twist. And I don’t just mean the twist in tort, which, in all of the tort words above, comes from Latin tortus, “twisted,” past participle of torquere, “twist.” No, the twist is that into the scorching torch is flying a moth. Yes, a little lepidopteran, licked in its tricks, its wings aflame and trailing smoke, wishing it could turn over a new leaf and go back to its larval days. Or should I say go back to its larval days and turn over a new leaf – you see, the larvae of the tortrix moth have a habit of rolling leaves. It is from this that they gained their name (they are, Latinately, Tortricidæ of the Tortricoidea; tortrix just means “twister” or “roller”).

But don’t let that endear them to you. Let me put you in mind of something less pleasant than finding a worm in your apple: finding half a worm in your apple. And guess what that worm probably is: a larva of the codling moth, one of the Tortricidæ. That one isn’t named tortrix, but the ones that are also like to eat fruit, or the leaves of the fruit. So they will do you tort and undo your torte. (Torte, by the way, is one word not related to torquere, though it does trace back to Latin.)

pomfret

Until today, I had known this word only as the name of the town in which one found Fredonia (not Freedonia, setting of the Marx Brothers movie Duck Soup; this one was the site of the first gas well in the US). New York State’s counties are subdivided into towns (other places tend to call these townships), and within towns there may be villages. It happens that my grandmother used to live in the village (10,000 people, but not a city, so a village) of Fredonia, in the town of Pomfret, Chautauqua County, New York State. The name always made me think of apples (pommes, and they do grow around there) and perhaps British people (poms), and guitars and worries. Oh, and French fries (pommes frites). On a typographical day it might remind me of Nofret, a face named after an Egyptian queen. But what it did not make me think of is a marine fish.

In fact, there are several places called Pomfret, and not one of them is on the ocean (though some are an easy drive from it). And yet it turns out that pomfret is also the name of a large, roundish fish of the sort that looks permanently dismayed – it has a horrified frown as though it had just found itself in a village miles and miles from the ocean. Which ocean, by the way? Well, pomfrets swim in all of the non-icy ones. The biggest pomfret, in ichthyological Latin the Brama brama, gets up to a metre long and is, apparently, good eatin’.

So how did all these landlubbin’ places get named after a fish? Well, they didn’t really. The fish’s name was formerly pamflet (though I must say they look like a rather more substantial bit of literature); that, in turn, is thought to have come from pamplet, a diminutive form of either pampo or pamplo, both Portuguese names for this fish or a similar one. It’s not really clear, however, why that p became an f.

As for the towns, they all trace back to Pontefract, the name of a town (in this case the more usual sense of town) in the West Riding of Yorkshire, part of Wakefield, southeast of Leeds. Its name comes from Latin for “broken bridge.” In the grand tradition of British pronunciation, the phonemes got sanded down over time, and locals came to say the name as “pomfret.” Pomfret was at one time written on maps as the place name, but now it’s Pontefract. And some little licorice coins once referred to often enough as Pomfret cakes are now as a rule Pontefract cakes. These sweets display the local castle, picturesque enough if you’re not Richard II, who was murdered there in 1400 (or, as Shakespeare put it in Richard III, “Within the guilty closure of thy walls / Richard the second here was hack’d to death”).

Personally, given all the various food options associated with pomfret, I’d still go with a slice of my grandmother’s Concord grape pie. No fish, no foul (but maybe a county fair), no licorice, but guaranteed purple teeth.

manila

I’m sure you’ve sometimes had to mail an envelope, say for some abecedarian endeavour, perhaps an essay on Monet (or something for money), and you wanted something plain vanilla – you wouldn’t send your precious words in the buff, but you would send them in the buff envelope, a ten-by-twelve item roughly the colour of skin in the Pacific Rim. What do you use? A manila envelope, of course.

And then lick it to seal it. Is it yummy, the glue on your manila envelope? The word manila, with its two nasals and a licking liquid, does have a certain deliciousness, no doubt abetted by its ice cream overtones. But why manila? Why name it with this Philippine word with its whiffs of thrilla and Manilow? What about this brown paper makes the place name tag along?

Well, first off, the place name’s not a tag-along; it’s Tagalog. (The stress is on the second syllable there, by the way.) Manila is from may nila, “there are water lilies.” Which may fit your impressionist disquisition but hardly goes to explain the enveloping connection. For that, we have another thread to follow.

The thread in question is made of the abacá plant. (No, the thread is not called dabra.) It’s a relative of the banana, and one of the main places it’s grown is around Manila. Although it’s not hemp, ropes made of it came to be called Manila hemp. And the sturdy, strong, light-brown paper made from Manila hemp was called Manila paper. Such a sturdy paper is good for enduring the myriad insults of postal service, and so envelopes of it became popular.

But you know how it is… if there’s something good that’s popular, someone will make a cheap knock-off. Now manila envelopes (note how the name has become lower-cased as it’s lost its thread) are just whatever brown paper the makers feel like using. And instead of protecting your precious papers with a virtual lamina of manila paper, you’re stuffing them in a buff bluffer.

anglice

I was breaking fast (having breakfast, as we might more commonly say) with Montgomery Starling-Byrd, ex Oxon, certified toff, than whom I can no more pretentious be, try though I may, and with Grace Sherman, a model of manners from Mobile. I was biting a butty (a buttered bun, to you) while he scarfed a crumpet and Grace had just java (i.e., coffee), and between chews he was regaling us with accounts of his various peregrinations (you know, wanderings).

“In Wales, then, we found our way to Snowdonia, where, although it is served by a picturesque train, we chose shank’s mare –” he looked over at Grace and, for the benefit of one not a subject of Elizabeth II, added, “anglice, we walked.”

“You walked to it from Snowdonia?” Grace asked.

“To what?” Montgomery cocked his head slightly.

“Anglesey,” Grace replied.

“No, no, we walked up Snowdon. It would be too far to walk to Ynys Môn.”

“To what, honey?” Grace said, drawing out her vowels in that charming Southern way that suggested she thought him crazy, adorable, irritating, or some combination thereof.

“Honey?” Montgomery said, looking at his crumpet and the table’s contents. “I have some, thank you. To Ynys Môn, anglice Anglesey, as you say.”

“Well, I can say Ong-glissee, as you say it, or Ang-glissee, as I say it.”

“But I don’t say anglice ‘Anglesey’ or Anglesey ‘anglice.’ Although I would imagine, being American, you say anglice ‘ang-glissee.’ …I say,” said Montgomery, turning to me, “what do you find so amusing?”

I couldn’t bring myself to say “The pitfalls of pomposity,” though I had it in mind. Montgomery was right that those in North America who say anglice at all say it with the first syllable of anger, while the British standard is with the vowel of on. But Grace, respectable word taster though she is, and familiar with parts of Welsh geography though she might be – such as the peak of Snowdon and the island of Anglesey (“angla-see”) – was quite innocent of the word anglice. It’s not a polite enough word, you see, even though it seems oh-so-very-polite, because it really tends to mean “in case you didn’t get that.”

Well, it means, first of all, “in English.” That’s its Latin meaning, and it was originally used to introduce translations of words and phrases: “Qui mihi amat et amat canem meam, anglice ‘love me, love my dog.'” It has since come to be used more often to introduce plain English versions of idioms and fancy speech. We have a variety of other ways of doing the same, but of course they don’t bespeak classicist erudition so pungently.

I should not say that it is only used to suggest that one’s listener is insufficiently knowledgeable; one may also use it to suggest that the source one is quoting is unnecessarily obfuscatory or jargony, or even, in that faux-modest way, to suggest that one is being simply too erudite or, conversely, too slangy or jargony. And, of course, if one is in such company as knows the word and appreciates a bit of abstruseness de temps à temps (anglice every so often), it can be a fun little thing to toss in. But, lofty though it be, it is not angelic.

And what a word to look at! Really, the first time I saw it, I had no clear sense of how it ought to be said. It has a certain sense of slipperiness thanks to the glistening glice, which may seem to have the pronunciation of the beginning of glycine or that of glycerine, though in fact it has been shaped by the old-style English tradition of Latin pronunciation. The lice also has an unetymological entomological bent, and the ice tops the cupcake nicely. But that angl puts the right kind of English on it: eyes that know Anglo-Saxon will likely seize on its sense, though its particular angle may entangle them. (Some may, nonetheless, have the grace to overlook it.)

My notes have been getting rather long of late. Do let me know if you find them a bit much to read.