Monthly Archives: August 2026

Jolene

Today Dolly Parton left us. She was, etymologically and in many other ways, a gift from God. But since my last word tasting already covered Dolly, today I’m going to pause in memory of her and look just briefly at another name associated with her: the eponym of one of her most famous songs, Jolene.

This name Jolene is, as you probably know, a sort of portmanteau word, made of the start of one name and the end of another, sort of like how chocoholic is made from chocolate and alcoholic. And if you have the usual familiarity with the American South, you’ll know that Jo is stereotypically common in a lot of women’s names thereabouts – both as a second part, as in Bobby Jo (not to be confused with Bobby Joe, which is a man’s name) and Suzie Jo, and as a first part, especially in Jolene. It’s taken from names such as Joan and Joanne and Josephine. It has that nice voiced apical affricate “J” so well suited to starting names, for men and women both.

OK, so where does the Jo in those names come from? Well, Joan and Joanne are feminized forms of John and Johann and so on, which come by way of Latin and Greek from Hebrew Yohanan (probably from an original form meaning ‘God is gracious’); Josephine is a feminized form of Joseph, which comes via Latin and Greek from Hebrew Yosef (‘God shall add’). So, yeah, that Yo in both cases is from ‘God’. And so, therefore, is Jo.

And how about the -lene? There are many names with the suffix -ine or -ene, pretty much all of which are from adjectival forms (indicating association or derivation) but also are used to indicate femininity, but the -lene in particular has specific sources. One of them is Marlene, the most famous bearer of which was Marlene Dietrich, who was christened Marie Magdalene – so Marlene is a telescoping of Marie Magdalene, and no less a portmanteau than Jolene. Another source, then, is Magdalene, and another is Helene, both of which are names of famously attractive women (the one a sort of Jolene type who repented of her husband-stealing ways and became a follower of Jesus, the other a woman whose husband launched a war to get her back because writing a song was clearly not his métier). 

The -ene in Magdalene signifies derivation: it means that she was from the village of Magdala, on the shores of the Sea of Galilee (Magdala refers in Hebrew to a tower). Helene is a very old Greek name, highly reminiscent of Hellene, which means ‘Greek person’, but not related to it; instead, Helene – and of course Helen and Helena and, for that matter, Elaine and several other names – probably traces to a name for a solar deity, from a Proto-Indo-European meaning ‘shine, smoulder, burn’. In short, the implication of -lene could – for those who like to play games with etymology – be said to be ‘towering hotty, but derivative’.

So, if you wanted, you could say Jolene is etymologically something like ‘divine but not unique smokin’ hot husband-stealer’. But, again, Dolly is ‘gift from God’. And we know who won in the end.

Barbie, Dolly, rebarbative, phenobarbital

“How was your evening out on The Esplanade yesterday?” I asked Maury. I was sitting with him and Jess in Domus Logogustationis, and he was looking like he’d seen and done things he’d rather not have.

“Rebarbative,” Maury said.

“Oh dear,” I said.

“Wait,” Jess said. “I thought you went to see Hello, Dolly?”

I had thought I was going to see Salvador Dalí!” Maury said. “But hello! And hell no!”

“Well, you said you were going to The Esplanade,” I said. “I could have told you that Dolly’s is the new cowgirl-themed bar where the Bier Markt used to be.”

“You could have,” Maury said. “You didn’t, but you certainly could have.”

“I thought you knew.”

“I do now.”

“So you didn’t enjoy it?” Jess said, innocently. 

Maury gave her a brief Kubrick stare. Then he inhaled and said, “Line dancing is… not my line of dancing. We each had a sixteen-dollar cocktail and I watched the whirl of activity and longed for less acute hearing. Narcissa had a thing called a Porn Star Martini. I was expecting local hummingbirds to seek it out. I had something made with whiskey, charred oak, sarsaparilla, and bitters, specifically because it was named Desperado, and I was desperate.”

“You didn’t stay long, did you?” I said.

“Well, no, only as long as it took to get the drink, plus several seconds to swallow it. And then Narcissa asked if I would like to go instead to a barbecue. Or I thought that’s what she said.”

“Oh dear,” I said. I knew what was coming, as I live at the other end of the block from the location in question.

“Was it not a barbecue?” Jess said.

“It was… a Barbie queue. A queue for the Malibu Barbie Café pop-up event, next door to Dolly’s.”

“And she already had tickets?” I said. I knew it was a forty-buck entrance, though I had not gone to it myself.

“Yes, it was a set-up.”

“Malibu. Barbie. Café,” Jess said.

“It looks like a Malibu Barbie playhouse,” Maury said. “Also, it looks exactly like several nightmares I have had.”

“A lot of pink,” I said.

“And I then realized why Narcissa was dressed all in pink. She had also brought a pink bowtie for me. Fortunately it was at least a real one, not a clip-on.”

“And how did you get through that experience?” Jess said.

“With the aid of prosecco and mojitos. At least there wasn’t any country music.”

Jess leaned forward, teasingly. “Did you get any souvenirs?”

“As a matter of fact…” Maury said, and reached into his pocket. “I at some point said to Narcissa that what I could really use was a phenobarbital.” 

He paused for effect. Then he said, “Behold.” And from his pocket he produced a flannel Barbie doll.

It goes without saying that as the evening progressed further we went without etymologically dissecting or otherwise tasting any of the words. But now we’re here, on my blog, and I’d like to.

First: Barbie. Obviously a short form for Barbara. The dolls were named after Barbara Handler, the daughter of Ruth Handler, who invented them in the late 1950s. The name Barbara in its various forms has caught on, rather like a barb, but it’s not related to barb as in on a fish hook; that barb comes by way of Old French from Latin barba, ‘beard’. Instead, Barbara is Latin for ‘foreign woman’ (‘foreign man’ is barbarus); the vector for its use as a name is Saint Barbara – who also, of course, gave her name to Santa Barbara, which is just a bit more than seventy miles up the California coast from Malibu.

Foreign woman? Yes, a barbarian, literally. Some people have at some times thought that barbarian came from the same word for ‘beard’, distinguishing foreigners as bearded people. But it does not. Latin got it from Greek βάρβαρος barbaros, and (a) ancient Greek men commonly had beards, so a beard was not a mark of a foreigner, and (b) the Ancient Greek word for ‘beard’ was γένειον geneion. Instead, it is commonly accepted that βάρβαρος was just imitative of the speech of the foreigners. It was like calling them “blah-blahs.”

On the other hand, the rather barbed word rebarbative, which means ‘repellent’, does come from barba – by way of Middle French rebarber, ‘oppose’, as in stand beard-to-beard against. (As to barbecue, although it has sometimes been attributed to a Bar-B-Q Ranch, it’s from Taino barbakoa, the name of a frame of wooden sticks that was used for cooking or curing meat or fish. And queue comes from Latin cauda, ‘tail’.) 

Now, having talked about Barbie, we come around to dolls, or, more to the point, to Dolly. Classically, Dolly has been a pet name for Dorothy or, later, for Dolores; Dorothy comes from Dorothea, ‘gift from God’, the same roots as Theodore, while Dolores is from Spanish for ‘sorrows’, and became a woman’s name from María de los Dolores, Mary of the Sorrows – one of the presentations of the Virgin Mary. But the most famous Dolly of our times, Dolly Parton, was christened Dolly Rebecca Parton – not short for anything (rather like being named Jack or Cindy from birth: why not just go with the version everyone will use anyway?). And in that sense, Dolly is, well, like a doll. 

And where does doll as in a stuffed or carved or moulded homunculus come from? Heh heh, from Dorothy. Yes, that’s right, a doll is a doll because a typical name was Doll, and dolls could have as easily been called molls or kates or barbies or any other common name for a girl.

And all of the above means that Barbie doll, etymologically, is ‘foreign woman, gift from God’, but specifically in a cute, affectionate way.

Oh, and phenobarbital? It’s from pheno- from Greek φαίνω phainō ‘come to light, manifest’ (as seen in epiphany and also, lightly changed, in Tiffany, which has exactly the same roots as theophany ‘manifestation of a deity’), plus barbital, which is from barbiturate, from German Barbiturat, which probably comes from the name Barbara plus the root we see in uric and urine. Yes: phenobarbital could be said to mean ‘a vision of Barbie’s piss’. Maury should feel grateful he just got the doll.

debunk, bunkum, hokum, hocus-pocus, harum-scarum

Some would-be genii will tell you – without being asked – that the plural of octopus is octopi and the plural of omnibus is omnibi and, for that matter, the plural of hocus-pocus (why do you even need one) is hoci-poci.

This is because of the well-ensconced prestige of Latin in the English language, combined with the capriciousness of English, where we assume that, ceteris paribus, weirder is more likely to be correct. Latin is like a visiting kid who gets to take the upper bunk. The result is a lot of bunkum and hokum, harum-scarum. It’s time for some debunking.

Of course all those words I just used – bunkum, hokum, harum-scarum – are supposed to look like Latin. They’re supposed to look like their plurals should be bunka and hoka and hara-scara (how does that even work – it’s an adverb and adjective). But they’re not. You’re being tricked. It’s all hocus-pocus. 

Let’s start with harum-scarum. This looks sort of like it means “scaring the hoes” but it means, more or less, ‘willy-nilly’. It comes from extremely not Latin. In fact, it draws on atavistic Anglo-Saxon morphology: as far as we can tell, it is from “hare ’em, scare ’em,” where hare is a short form of harass and scare is scare and ’em is ‘them’, formed not by dropping the th (we don’t do that – no one says “’is and ’at” for “this and that”) but by recalling the old Anglo-Saxon third-person plural, hem; the modern them form came from Danish, when the Danes occupied a large slab of England. Anyway, the idea was one of fright and disarray, and somehow that ended up referring just to the messiness that results from same. And the pseudo-Latin -um endings appeared for the sake of rhyme and stayed on like stickum.

That one is the odd one out here, however. It’s the guest at the family party. Let’s turn our eyes to hocus-pocus.

Obviously hocus-pocus avails itself of the same sing-song rhyming and the same Latin look. And some people say that it’s even from Latin. John Tillotson, Archbishop of Canterbury, asserted confidently in the late 1600s that it was a mockery of “Hic est corpus.” But as far as anyone can tell, he just decided that on the basis of its sounding plausible and giving him something to condemn. At least as likely, it’s just fake Latin made up by a conjurer – a stage magician – who had invented the incantation “Hocus pocus, tontus talontus, vade celeriter jubeo.” It just… sounded right. Basic phonotactical imitation.

Certainly, on the basis of its plainly being fake Latin, you could justify going with an according nominative plural, hoci-poci (weirdly – or not – however, no one wants to use, for example, the plural dative, hocoribus-pocoribus). But then how about hokum?

Well, how about it? It may look like a neutering and respelling of hocus, but as far as anyone can tell, it’s a blend of hocus and bunkum. It means ‘flim-flam’, of course. But what’s with this bunkum? Ah, thereby hangs a tale.

The tale, just to take it straight from Wiktionary, is this:

In 1820, Felix Walker, who represented the county [of Buncombe, North Carolina] in the U.S. House of Representatives, rose to address the question of admitting Missouri as a free or slave state, his first attempt to speak on the subject after nearly a month of solid debate, right before the vote was to be called. To the exasperation of colleagues, he began a long and wearisome speech, explaining that he was speaking not to Congress but “to Buncombe.” He was ultimately shouted down by his colleagues, though his speech was published in a Washington paper and his persistence made “buncombe” (later respelled “bunkum”) a synonym for meaningless political claptrap and later for any kind of nonsense, at first only in the jargon of Washington and then in common usage.

Yes, once it became a mass noun for a substance, it was natural to have that -um that you see on gypsum and uranium and so forth. And just to cover the rest of the ground: The county was named after Edward Buncombe, a colonel in the Revolutionary War. His surname came from Somerset, England, and meant ‘reed valley’. And through the wonder of linguistic evolution, it referred to a speech that had gone into a valley and got lost in the reeds, and now, especially in its short form bunk, it refers to claptrap, hoo-hah, nonsense.

And if you expose and remove the bunk? Why, you debunk, of course. Yes, a verb that could as readily refer to tossing someone out of a bed – in much the same way as defenestrate refers to tossing someone out a window – instead refers to exposing falsehoods and misrepresentations. Which it does through appealing to a misrepresentation (as Latin when it is not) and a falsehood (the fake Latin incantation) – and of course the mistaken suppositions and deliberate misdirections, the hocus-pocus, that is going on harum-scarum throughout the language.